Which queen ruled Ethiopia's Zagwe successor state and had churches cut down into rock?

The Zagwe dynasty, under King Lalibela around 1200, whose eleven churches at the town now bearing his name were not built but excavated - carved downward out of solid volcanic rock, so that the roof is at ground level and the whole building sits in a pit dug around it.

That means they were made by removal, with no scaffolding and no possibility of correcting a mistake. Windows, columns, arches, drainage channels and interior decoration all had to be cut out of rock that was already there, working from the top down. They are connected by trenches and tunnels, and they are still in use as churches, which is not usually true of medieval monuments.

The intent appears to have been a new Jerusalem. Ethiopia's route to the actual Jerusalem had been cut by the Ayyubid conquest, and the site has a river named the Jordan, a Golgotha and a Tomb of Adam. Ethiopian Christianity is among the oldest state religions anywhere, adopted at Aksum in the fourth century, and its Church still uses Ge'ez, a language now spoken by nobody, and keeps a canon of scripture larger than any other.