Which queen ruled Britain for 63 years in the 1800s?

Victoria, from 1837 to 1901 - the longest reign in British history until Elizabeth II passed it in 2015. She came to the throne at eighteen, having been raised under a stifling regime of control by her mother and her mother's adviser, and dismissed both within hours of becoming queen.

The monarchy she inherited was unpopular and the one she left was not, which is largely a matter of the role changing under her rather than her changing it. Real power moved decisively to Parliament during her reign, and Walter Bagehot's formulation - that the sovereign has the right to be consulted, to encourage and to warn - was written in 1867 to describe what was left. She resisted it, interfered constantly with her prime ministers, loathed Gladstone and adored Disraeli.

After Albert died in 1861 she withdrew almost entirely for a decade, wore black for forty years, and had his clothes laid out daily. Republican sentiment grew sharply during that absence, and the recovery of the monarchy's standing came partly from the jubilees of 1887 and 1897, which were deliberately staged imperial spectacles - the ceremonial that now looks ancient was substantially invented in those two decades.