The Garden of Learning

Geography

Which Indus Valley city's grid, drains and granaries were found with no palace or temple?

  • Mohenjo-daro
  • Ur
  • Nineveh

The answer is Mohenjo-daro. And the script is still undeciphered.

Mohenjo-daro, laid out on a grid around 2500 BC with standardised fired bricks, covered drains along the streets, private bathrooms and rubbish chutes - urban sanitation of a standard Europe did not reach again for four thousand years.

What is missing is the interesting part. No palace, no royal tombs, no obvious temple, no monumental art of a ruler, no depictions of armies or conquest. Weights and bricks are standardised across a civilisation spanning more than a million square kilometres, which implies serious coordination, and yet nobody has found the person doing the coordinating. Suggestions range from an oligarchy of merchants to a priestly council to something genuinely unlike the other Bronze Age states.

It could probably be settled if the script could be read. Around four thousand inscribed objects survive, almost all of them very short - typically five signs, on seals - which is close to the minimum a decipherment needs, and there is no bilingual text. Even whether it encodes a language at all is disputed. The civilisation declined around 1900 BC, with a shifting river system now the leading explanation rather than the invasion earlier scholars assumed.