Which physicist formulated the uncertainty principle?

Werner Heisenberg, in 1927, and it is routinely misdescribed. It is not that measurement disturbs the thing measured, which is true but is a separate point. It is that position and momentum are not both definite quantities at the same time - the more sharply defined one is, the less defined the other is, as a property of the particle rather than of the equipment.

The mathematics is the same relationship that applies to any wave. A pure tone lasting a long time has a precise frequency and no defined moment; a sharp click has a precise moment and contains all frequencies. You cannot have both, and quantum objects behave as waves, so they inherit the trade-off. That framing removes most of the mysticism the principle has attracted.

Heisenberg's own history is uncomfortable and unresolved. He led the German nuclear programme during the war, which did not produce a weapon, and spent the rest of his life implying he had deliberately slowed it. Recordings secretly made of German physicists interned in England after the war show them genuinely surprised by Hiroshima and working out the physics afresh, which suggests they had got the critical mass badly wrong rather than sabotaged anything. Michael Frayn's play Copenhagen is built entirely on the impossibility of settling it.