Which family holds the most Nobel Prizes?

The Curies, with five. Marie won two - physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 - Pierre shared the first, their daughter Irène Joliot-Curie won chemistry in 1935 with her husband Frédéric, and Marie's other son-in-law Henry Labouisse accepted the peace prize in 1965 on behalf of UNICEF, which he directed.

Marie remains the only person to have won in two different sciences. She was also nearly left off the 1903 prize entirely - the committee planned to name only Pierre and Becquerel, and Pierre was tipped off and insisted.

Irène's prize was for artificial radioactivity, discovered with Frédéric by bombarding aluminium foil and finding it kept emitting after the source was removed - which made radioisotopes producible rather than only mined, and is the basis of every nuclear medicine department. She died in 1956 of leukaemia, like her mother almost certainly from exposure, in a family where four Nobel Prizes and two deaths came from the same substance.