General Knowledge
Which 1973 tomb find gave the oldest known Tao Te Ching, with its two halves reversed?
- Mawangdui
- Dunhuang
- Sanxingdui
The answer is Mawangdui. The De section came first.
Mawangdui, near Changsha, where a Han-dynasty tomb complex yielded two silk manuscripts of the text from before 168 BC - about five centuries older than any copy then known.
They are recognisably the same book with the order swapped: the De section, on virtue and conduct, comes before the Dao section, which reverses the emphasis of the received text and suggests the philosophical framing familiar since may be a later editorial decision rather than the original one. An even older bamboo version found at Guodian in 1993 is shorter still, and looks less like a single authored work than an anthology that accumulated - which makes Laozi as a person increasingly hard to locate.
The tomb is better known for its occupant. Lady Dai, buried around 163 BC in four nested coffins packed in charcoal and clay, came out with skin still elastic, joints that flexed, blood in her veins and 138 undigested melon seeds in her stomach - the best-preserved ancient body ever found, and preserved by no method anyone has been able to reproduce. She had heart disease, gallstones and parasites, and appears to have died of a heart attack shortly after eating the melon.